DAHYA LAL AND OTHERS versus RASUL MOHAMMED ABDUL RAHIM

SHAH, J.-Survey No. 126 admeasuring 11 acres and 20 gunthas of Mouje Telod, Distriot :Broach belonged to the ancestors of the appellants. By deed dated July 24, -1891, the owners mortgaged .the land to .one Umiyashanker with poBSeasion. tihortly after the mortgage, the mortagee inducted one Mohammed Abdul Rahim as a tenant on the land.

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The appellants as owners of the equity of redem·ption applied ·to the Court constituted under the Bombay . Agricultural Debtors Relief Act, 28 of 1947, for adjustment . of the debt due under the deed dated July 24, 1891, a.nd for redemption. of the land mortgaged. On ·February 19, 1954, an award was made in this application by compromise between the parties decla!ing that Rs. 3,000/· were due to mortgagee under the deed dated July 24, 1891, that " the land in dispute was in the possession of Mohammed Abdul Rahim as tenant of the mortgagee, and that the mortgagor had the right to take possession of the land from the ·said tenant." In execution of the award, Mohammed Abdul Rahim-who will hereinafter be referred to as the respondent-was evicted. On June 7, 19~4, the respondent pplied to the Mahalkari of Hansot for an order under s. 29 of the Bombay Tenancy & Agricultural Land Act, 1948, restoring possession of the land. The Mahalkari rejected the application and that order was confirmed in appeal by the District Deputy collector, and by the Bombay Revenue Tribunal in revision from the order of the Deputy Collector. The High Court of judicature at Bombay was then moved by the respondent under Art. 227 of the Constitution. The High Court following its earlier judgment in Jaswantrai Tricurnlal, Vyas v. Bai Jiwi set aside the order passed by the Tribunal and ordered that possession of the land be restored to the respondent and declared that the respondent was entitled to continue in occupation as tenant on the same terms on which he was a tenant of the mortgagee. The mort{lagors have appealed to this Court against that order of the High Court with. special leave.

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The Bombay Tenancy Act of 1939 was enacted to protect tenants of agricultural. lands in the Province of Bombay and for certain other purposes. That Act was repealed by s. 89 of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Aot, 1948, which came into operation on December 28, 1948. By the repealing clause, certain provisions of the Act of 1939 with modifirations were continued. By the Act of 1948, under s. 2(18) as it stood at the material times, a tenant was defined as "an agriculturist who holds land on lease and includes a person who is deemed to be tenant under the provisions of this Act." s. 14 of the 'Aot providt!s that notwithstanding any· agreement, usage, decree or· order of a Court of Jaw, the tenancy of any land held by a tenant shall not be determined unless the conditions specified· in that ·section are fulfilled. It was unnecessary' to set oht the conditions because it is common ground that the tenancy of the respondent was not sought to be determined on any of the grounds in s. 14: ,it was in execution of the' award made by the Debt Relief Court that the respondent was dispossesse'd. Section 29, by sub-s. ( 2) provides that no fandlord shall obtain possession of any land or dwelling house held by a tenant except under an order 'of 'the .Mamlatdar. For obtaining such order he shall make an application in the prescribed form ' x x x x". Section 4 of the Act in so far as it is material provides: "A person lawfully cultivating any land belonging to another persbri shall be deemed to be a tenant if such land is not cultivated personally by the ·owner and- if such · person is not (a) a member of the ownei.s family, or (b) a servant on wages payble in cash or k:ind· lint not in orop share or a hired labourer cultivating the land under the personal supervision of· the owner's family, or (c) · a mortgagee in possession". Section 4 seeks to· confer the status of a tenitnt upon a person lawfully cultivating laµd be~onglng to another. .By that provision, certain.persons who are not tenants under the ordina!y law are dellllled ; to .be tenants for purposes of the Act. A, person ~ho is deemed a tenant by 4 is manifestly in a oJass. a:part from the tenant who holds land.s' on :1ease -f~p~ the owner .. i:Such person would be invested' with the status of a tenant if three conditions .are fulfilled.'..'...: (a) that he is cultivating land JawfuiJy; (b) that'tJ:le, land belongs to another· person, and. (c),tl:\at ll~ 1s' not w~thin the excepted categories. ·

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The respondent wa3 on December 28, 1948, undoubt'edly cultivating land which belonged to another persons ; he was lawfully cultivating the land because he derived his right to cultivate it from the mortgagee of the land, and he did not fall within the excepted categories. Prima faoie, he was a "deemed tenant" within the meaning of s. 4 of the Act.

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But Dr. Barlingay, on behalf of the appellants, contended that a person can be said to be lawfully cultivating land within the meaning of s. 4 only if he bas derived his right to cultivate directly from the owner of the land, and not from some otlier person who has ·a limited interest, such as a mortgagee from the owner. Counsel also contended that the expression "mortgagee in posession" in cl. ( c) of s. 4 includes a person claiming a derivative right such as a tenant of the mortgagee in possession. We are unable to agree with these contentions. The Bombay Tenancy Act of I 839 conferred protection upon tena.nta against eviction, 'converted all subsisting contractual tenancies for less then ten years, restricted the rights of landlords to obtain possession of land even on surrender, granted the status of protected tenants to all persons who had personally cultivated land for six years prior to the date specified, provided for fixation of maximum rates of rent, abolition of ces8es and suspension and remission of rents in certain contingencies, and barred eviction of tenants frotn dwelling houses. The Act was found inadequate and was substituted by the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act of Hl48. The latter Act preserves the essential features of the Act of 1939 provides for additional rights and protection to tenants such as fixation of reasonable rent, commutation of crop share into cash, right to produce of naturally g1owirig tnes on land, itlief ll~aipst terpiinatioJl of tfJ1ancy for non-paJp:i.ent of rent, special rights and privil"1ges of protected tenantg, vesting of ~states in Government for managment, restrietion on transfer of agri: cnltnral land and the· constitution of Special Tribunals . for deciding disputes relating to valne of land. The two Acts were. manifestly steps in the ·process of agrarian reform launched with the object of improving the economic condition of the peasants and ensuring full and efficient use of land for agricultural purpose. The provisions of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural land Act, 1948 must be viewed in the light of the social reform envisaged thereby.

pp. 5–6

The Act 1948, it is undisputed, seeks to encompass within its beneficent provisions not only ten-, ants who held land for purpose of cultivation under contracts from the land owners but persons who are deemed to the tenants also. The point in 'controversy is whether a person claiming the status of deemed tenant must have been cultivating land with the consent or under the authority of the owner. Counsel for the appellants submits that tenancy postulates a . relation based on contract . between the owner of land, and the person in occupation of the land; and there can be no tenancy without the consent or, authority of the owner the occupation of that land. But ~he Act has. by s. 2(18) devised' a special definition of tenant and included therein persons who are not contractual tenants. It wouid therefore be difficult to assume in construing s. 4 that the person who claims the status of a deemed tenant must be cultivating land with the consent or authority of the owner.· The relevant condition imposed by the statute is only that the person claiming the status of a deemed tenant must be cultivating land '•lawfully": it is not the condition that he must cultivate land with the· -pon~ent 11f or uµder authorit_y deriveq directl;y fi:1mi the owner. To import such a condition it is to rewrite the section, and destory its practical utility. A person who derives his right to cultivate land from the owners would normally be a contractual tenant and he will obviously not be a "deemed tenant". Persons such as licencees from the owner may certainly be regarded as falling within the class of persons lawfully cultivating land belonging to others, but is cannot be assumed therefrom· that they are the only persons who are covered "by the section. The Act affords protection to all persons who hold agricultural land as contractual tenants and subject to the exceptions specified all persons lawful1y cultivating lands belonging to others, and it would be unduly restricting the intention of the Legislature to limit the benefit of its provisions to persons who derive their authority from the owner, ei~her under a contract of tenancy, or otherwise. In our view, all persons other than those mentioned in els. (a), (b) and (c) of s. 4 who lawfully cultivate land belonging to other persons whether or not their authority is derived directly from the owner of the land must be deemed tenants of the lands.

pp. 6–7

Under the Transfer of property Act, the. right of a tenant who bas been inducted by a Mortgagee in possession ordinarily comes to an end with the extinction of the mortgage by redemption, but that rule, in our judgment, has no application in the interpretation of a statute which has been enacted with the object of the granting protection to persons lawfully cultivating agricultural lands. Nor has the contention that the expression "mortgagee in possession'' includes a tenant from such a mortgagee any force. A mortgagee in possession is excluded from the class of deemed tenants on ground of public policy: to confer that status ·upon a mortgagee in possession would be to invest him with rifhUI incopsiatept wit}l Jiis fiducial"? character. 4 transferee of the totality o.f the rights of a mortg· age in possession may also be deemed to be a mort· gagee in possession. But a tenant of the mortgagee in possession is inducted on the land in the ordinary course of management under authority derived from the mortgagor and so long as the mortgage subsists, even under the ordinary law he is not liable to be. evicted by the mortgagor. It appears that the Legislature hy restricting the exclusion to mortgagees in possession from the class of deemed tenants intended that the tenant lawfully inducted by the mortgagee shall on redemption of the mortgage be deemed to be tenant of the mortgagor. In our view, therefore, the High Court was right in holding that the respondent was entitled to claim. the protection of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, · 1948 as a deemed tenant. ·

pp. 7–8

One more argument about the jurisdiction of the High Court under Art.227 of the constitution to set aside the order of the Bombay Revenue Tribunal may be considered. The High Court in setting aside the order of the Revenue Tribunal exercised jurisdiction under Art. 227 of the Constitution, and it was urged by counsel for the appellants that tliis was not a fit oase for exercise of that jurisdicti01;1. But the Legislature has expr'essly prohibited by s. 29 (2) of the Act, landlords from obtaining possession of any lands otherwise than under an order of the Mamlatdar. The possession of the disputed land was obtained by the appellants in execution of the- award of the debt adjustment Court and without an orqer of the Mamlatdar. .The respondent was therefore unlawfully dispossessed of the land, and the Revenue Authorities in refusing to give him assistance illegally refused to exercise jurisdiction vested in them by law. The qµesiion being one qf jurisdiction, the High Court was, in our view, competent to exercise the powers vested in it by Art. 227.

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·The appeal therefore fails and is dismissed with costs.

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Appeal dismisseil. B.AM AUTAR

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v.

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STATE OF U. P. (J. L. KAPUR, K. C. DAS GUPTA and

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RAGHU:SAR DAYAL, JJ.)

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Public Nuisance-Auctioning vegetables in private house- Oarts of seUers kept on public road-Unlawful obstruction, if auctioneers responsible-Noise caused in auctioning-Whether trade injurious public health and comf ort-Oode of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), s. 133.

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The on the trade of the quarter. The their the

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to The

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the to

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the under of the of

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Held, that the not under of the the on in the not the In

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on the of amount of to the

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trades of the the

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CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 79 ofl960.

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Appeal by special leave from the judgmtlnt and order dated August 18, 1969, of the Allahabad lli~h Court in CriJDinal Revision No. 947 of 1959.

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