S. KRISHNAN AND OTHERS versus THE STATE OF MADRAS

KANIA C. J.-:-1 agree with the Judgment prepared by · Sastri J. and have nothing more to add.

p. 623

PATANJALI SASTRI J.-The common question which arises for consideration in these petitions is whether certain provisions of the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, purporting to amend the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, so as to authorise detention of the petitioners to be continued beyond the expiry of one year are ultra vires and inoperative.

p. 623

The amending Act (hereinafter referred to as the new Act) came into force on 22nd February, 1951, and by substituting the figures "1952" for "1951" in subsection (3) of section 1 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, (hereinafter referred to as the old Act), it continues the operation of the old Act till 31st March, 1952.

pp. 623–624

The petitioners in all these cases were, at the commencement of the new Act, under detention in pursuance of orders made under section 3(1) (a) (ii) of the old Act and, save in a few cases where the detention was also attacked on some special grounds which have no ~ubstance, the legality of that detention was not open to question. But such detention having commenced more than a year before the date of hearing of these petitions the petitioners would have been entitled to be rele;>.sed had it not been for the provisions of the new Act which purport to authorise the continuance of their detention.

p. 624

Mr. Nambiyar, on behalf of the petitioners, urged that these provisions contravened article 22( 4) (a) of the Constitution and were, therefore, .void under article 13(2). Article 22(4) (a) provides:

p. 624

"No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless-

p. 624

(a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention :

p. 624

Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7).''

p. 624

It will be seen that two conditions have to be fulfilled in order that a person can be detained for a longer period than three months; ( i) his case must be referred to an Advisory Board constituted in the manner specified and (ii) that Board must make a report before the expiration of three months that there is sufficient cause for such detention. Section 12 of the old Act having provided that there was to be no review by an Advisory Board in cases falling within section 3 (l)(a)(ii), the petitioners' detention in pursuance of orders made under the latter section fell under article 22 ( 4) (b), and there was no question, therefore, of such detention contravening article 22 ( 4) (a). The scheme of the new Act, however, was to extend the benefit of a review by an Advisory Board to all cases and to bind the detaining authorities to act conformably to the report of the Board. The method adopted to give effect to this scheme was to delete some of the provisions of the old Act and to substitute in their place new provisions.

pp. 624–625

The material provisions of the new Act are sections 9, 10, 11 and 12. Section 9 provides for a reference to an Advisory Board within six weeks from the date specified in sub-section (2) which says "The date referred to in sub-section (1) shall be-(a) in every case where at the commencement of the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, the person is under detention in pursuance of a detention order made under sub-clause (i) or sub-clause (ii) of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3, the date of commencement of the said Act ; and (b) in every other case the date of detention under the order". By section 10 the Advisory Board is required to submit its report within ten weeks from the date specified in sub.section (2) of section 9. Section 11 ( 1) authorises the appropriate Government to continue the period of detention for such period as it thinks fit in case the Advisory Board reports that there are sufficient grounds for the detention, while sub-section (2) provides tliat the Government shall revoke the detention order and release the person concerned if the Advisory Board reports the other way. Sub-section (1) of section 12 declares for the "avoidance of doubt" that every detention order in force at the commencement of the new Act "shall continue in force and shall have effect as if. it· ~ad been made under this Act as amended" by the "'new Act, and sub-section (2) provides that nothing contained in subsection (3) of section 1 or in sub-section (1) of section 12 of the old Act shall affect the validity or duration of any such order.

p. 625

It will be seen that although the object of the new Act was to liberalise the provisions of the old Act in the manner indicated above, section 12 had the effect of enlarging .·he period of detention of the petitioners who were under detention at the commencement of the new Act by enacting the legal fiction that detention in such cases shall have effect as if it had been made under the new Act. On that basis, the new Act seeks to bring detention orders in force at its commencement and more than three months old into conformity with article 22( 4) (a) by prescribing a period of six weeks in section 9 for referring such cases to the Advisory Bo~.rd and ten weeks in section 10( l) for the submission by the Board of its report, the period in each case being calculated from the commencement of the new Act. But this fiction cannot obscure the fact that in the case of the petitioners more than three months had elapsed from the date of their arrest without any Advisory Board making a report on their detention and it is, of course, not possible for the Advisory Board now provided for in such cases to submit its report before the expiration of that period, with the result that their detention contravened article 22(4) (a). No doubt the detention up to the commencement of the new Act was lawful under section 12 of the old Act, as it was in accordance with sub-clause (b) of clause ( 4) of article 22, but that could not make the petitioners' continued detention any _the less a violation of article 22(4) (a) after the deletion of old section 12. It is a fallacy to treat what was a lawful detention under sub-clause (b) as being no detention at all for purposes of sub-clause (a). Detention is a hard physical fact, and the total period of detention of the petitioners having far exceeded three months without an Advisory Board having reported within three months that there were sufficient grounds therefore, it could not lawfully be continued under article 22(4) (a). Constitutional provisions regarding fundamental rights cannot be circumvented by resorting to legal fictions.

p. 626

It was said that if the petitioners had been released on 22nd February, 1951, and re-arresteC. 1nd detained immediately thereafter under the new Act such detention would have been valid. But, for proceeding in that manner the enactment of section 9(2) (a) and section 12(1) would be unnecessary. Parliament has, however, adopted a different mode of proceeding by providing for the continuance of detention orders in force at the commencement of the new Act on the basis that they should have effect as if they had been made under the new Act. The resulting position must, therefore, be dealt witn only on that basis and not on any other hypothetical footing.

pp. 626–627

The Attorney-General, however, contended in the alternative that the constitutional validity of section 9 (2) (a) and section 12 (1) of the new Act could be sustained under article 22(4) (b) which has been held by a majority of the Judges in A. K. Gopalan v. The State of Madras (1) to be a distinct and independent provision authorisil).g preventive detention for a period longer than three months in · accordance with a law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7) of article 22. The Attorney-General claimed that the aforesaid provisions were such a law, none the less because Parliament may have intended to make a law within article 22 (4) (a) by providing for a review by an Advisory Board in all cases or preventive detention. On a question of vires, the intention of the Legislature is immaterial, and I agree that a provision for an Advisory Board is not a hall-mark which stamps a preventive detention law as one necessarily falling within sub-clause (a) of clause (4), so as to make its constitutional validity determinable exclusively with reference to the requirements of that sub-clause. The law could still be upheld if it fulfilled the conditions laid down in sub-clause (b) of clause ( 4). Mr. Nambiyar, however, submitted that the new Act did not fulfil those conditions, for it is not a law made under subclauses (a) and (b) of clause (7). The word "and" should be understood in its ordinary conjunctive sense, and the new Act neither prescribes the circumstances and classes referred to in sub-clause (a) nor thr

p. 627

co 7-10 maxim um period of detention required to be prescribed under sub-clause (b) of clause (7). The contention is devoid of substance. The new Act can, in my opinion, be regmx:led as a law made substantially in accordance with sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7), According to the majority view in Go pa/an' s case, sub-clause (a) of clause (7) being an enabling provision, the word "and" should be understood in a disjunctive sense. The combined effect of sections 9(2) (a) and 12(1) is to provide, in a certain class of cases, namely, where detention orders were in force at the commencement of the new Act, that the persons concerned could be detained for a period longer than three months if an Advisory Board reports that there are sufficient grounds for detention within ten weeks from the commencement of the new Act, that is to say, without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board before the expiration of the three months from the commencement of the detention as provided in sub-clause (a) of clause (4). And, although the new Act does not in express terms prescribe in a separate provision any maximum period as such for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained, it fixes, by extending the duration of the old Act till the 1st April, 1952, an over-all timelimit beyond which preventive detention under the Act cannot be continued. The general rule in regard to a temporary statute is that, in the absence of special provision to the contrary, proceedings which are being taken against a person under it will ipso facto terminate as soon as the statute expires (Craies on Statutes, 4th Edition, p. 347). Preventive detention which would, but for the Act authorising it, be a continuing wrong, cannot, therefore, be continued beyond the expiry of the Act itself. The new Act thus in substance prescribes a maximum period of detention under it by providing that it shall cease to have effect on a specified date. It seems to me, therefore, that section 9(2) (a) and section 12(1) of the new •Act substantially satisfy the requirements of sub-clause (b) of clause ( 4) of article 22, and cannot be declared unconstitutional and void.

pp. 627–628

The objection to the validity of section 11(1) can be disposed of in a few words. The argument is that the discretionary powc:r given to the appropriate Government under that sub-section to , continue the detention ''for such period as it thinks fit" authorises preventive detention for an indefinite period, which is contrary to the provisions of article 22(4). But, if as already observed, the new Act is to be in force only up to 1st April, 1952, and no detention under the Act can continue thereafter, the discretionary power could be exercised only subject to that over-all limit. The objection therefore fails.

p. 629

In the result the petitions are dismissed.

p. 629

J.-The question to be decided in these petitions is whether the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, or any part thereof is invalid and whether the petitioners who have been detained are entitled to a writ in the nature of habeas corpus on the ground that their detention is illegal.

p. 629

The Act was enacted by Parliament on the 27th February, 1951, and according to its express terms will cease to have effect on the 1st April, 1952, save as regards things done or omitted to be done before that date.

p. 629

The point that has been canvassed before us is that sections 9(2) {a) and 12 of the Act are invalid as these infringe the fundamental rights conferred under articles 21 and 22 of Part III of the Constitution. Section 9 of the Act as amended reads as follows :-

p. 629

" (1) In every case where a detention order has been made under this Act, the appropriate Government shall, within six weeks from the date specified in subsection (2) place before an advisory board constituted by it under section 8 the grounds on which the order has been made and the representation, if any, made by the person affected by the order, and in case where the order has been made by an officer, also the report made by such officer under sub-section (3) of section 3.

p. 629

(2) The date referred to in sub-section (1) shall be-

p. 630

(a) in every case where at the commencement of the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, a person is under detention in pursuance of a detention order made under sub-clause ( i) or (ii) of clause (a) of sub-section ( 1) of section 3, the date of commencement of the said Act ; and

p. 630

(b) in every other case the date of the detention order."

p. 630

Section 12 is in these terms :- "For the avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared-

p. 630

( a) every detention order in force at the commencement of the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, shall continue in force and shall have effect as if it had been made under this Act as amended by the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951 ; and

p. 630

(b) nothing contained in sub-section ( 3) of section 1, or sub-section ( l) of section 12 of this Act as origi· nally enlcted shall be deemed to affect the validity or duration \>f any such order."

p. 630

Mr. Nambiar for the detenus challenged the vires of these sections on ~he following grounds : ( l) That article 22( 4) of the Constitution limits the legislative power of Parliament and State legislatures in respect of preventive detention laws in the matter of duration of the period of detention and provides that no law of preventive detention can authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months without the intervention of an advisory board and without obtaining its opinion with.in three months. The amending Act, 1951, by section 9 authorizes detention for a period longer than three months without the opinion of the advisory board having been obtained within the said period of three months from the date of the actual detention in respect of persons detained under Act IV of 1950 as it or~nally stood and it thus infringes the fundamental right conferred by article 22( 4). (2) That Parliament in exercise of powers conferred on it under artide 22(7) having prescribed in section 12 of Act IV of 19'0 a maximuttl period of one year for detention in certain classes of cases without obtaining the opinion of the advisory board, that period of one year became a part of the content of the fundamental right conferred under article 22(4) of the Constitution. Sections 9 and 12 of the amended Act contravene this fundamental right inasmuch as they authorize detention of persons yvho were detained under orders passed under section 3 (1) (i) and (ii) of Act IV of 1950 beyond the period of one year prescribed therein, and are therefore void. (3) That Parliament has no authority to alter the period of one year prescribed by it by virtue of authority given to it under article 22 (7) (b) of the Constitution so as to affect the cases of persons detained under Act IV of 1950. (4) That the Constitution does not envisage detention for an indefinite period and that inasmuch as the amended Act has failed to provide a maximum period for the detention of a person, it is repugnant to the Constitution and is void ; that it was obligatory on Parliament while making the law providing for preventive detention to fix the maximum period for such detention. (5) That the provisions ot these sections infringe article 21 of the Constitution inasmuch as they authorize detention contrary to procedure established by law (Act IV of 1950) in r~s­ pect of detentions under that Act, because under established procedure detention beyond a period of one year was void. For the reasons given above it was contended that as in the case of the petitioners the maximum period of one year under section 12 of Act IV of 1950 had expired on 27th February, 1951, they were entitled to their release.

pp. 630–631

For a proper appreciation of the points urged by the learned counsel and the manner in which they were combated by the learned Attorney-General, it is necl!ssary to shortly state the nature of the relevant amendments introduced by the amending Act iii. the Preventive Detention Act, IV of 1950. In section 8 of Act IV of 1950, which concerns tl1e constitution of advisory boards, the new Act has provided that the board shall consist of three persons instead of two except in cases -10 where before the commencement of the amended Act reference had already been made to an advisory board. Section 9 of Act IV of 1950 has been substituted by section 9 'of the amending Act and it gives the benefit of the advisory board to all classes and cases of persons, who under Act IV of 1950 were not entitled to that benefit. It makes it . obligatory on government to place all these cases, like all other cases, within six weeks from a prescribed date before an advisory board. In section 10 the amended Act makes it obligatory on the adviso_ry board to submit its report to the government within ten weeks of the date specified under section 9 and it also authorizes the advisory board to call for such information as it deems necessary from government and from the person concerned and it empowers it to give a hearing to the detenu if in any particular case it considers it essential. Section 11 makes the opinion of the ad~isory board binding on government. It also authorizes government to continue the detention of persons for such period as it thinks fit in cases where the opinion of the board is in favour of the continuance of detention. Section 12 provides that orders of detention in force at the commencement of the amended Act will be deemed to have been made under this Act. A new section, 14, has been introduced in Act IV of 1950 and it authorizes temporary release of persons detained.

pp. 631–632

The provisions of the amended Act are thus a great improvement on the original Act inasmuch as they provide a greater opportunity to the detenus of proving their innocence than they had under the original Act. The detention of a person without the case being referred to the opinion of an advisory board constituted of independent persons has been completely done away with, except for a period of three months provided for in article 22(4) of the Constitution. What the amended Act has in substance done is that instead of the cases of persons preventively detained being considered by ordinary courts of law, a special tribunal designated as an advisory board and consisting of men of high judicial experience has been given authority to examine their cases within a prescribed period and the decision of that authority has been made binding on government. This tribunal is obviously no substitute for a court of law but a provision like this is in the nature of a substantial solatium in cases of preventive detention wherein ordinarily the detaining authority is the judging authority as well.

pp. 632–633

Shortly stated, Mr. Nambiar's attack on these beneficial provisions and concerning their vires is based principally on the method adopted by the draftsmen of the Act for switching over the detentions which were being continued under section 12 of Act IV of 1950 and which were valid by virtue of the constitutional provisions contained in article 22( 4) (b) of the Constitution to the constitutional provisions contained in article 22( 4) (a) so that they may be given the benefit of an advisory board's opinion. His grievance is that in doing so the amended statute has enlarged the period of three months provided under article 22( 4) for a report of the advisory board and has extended the period of one year mentioned in section 12 of Act IV of 1950. This argument is based on the assumption that the period of one year mentioned in section 12 of Act IV of 1950 was an Immutable and unalterable orie and that Parliament could not amend section 12 of tl1e Act in any manner whatsoever once having enacted it. I am unable to accept this contention. It seems to me, that it was open to Parliament to amend section 12 and substitute another maximum for the period of one year mentioned therein. If Parliament had recourse to that alternative, t11en in my opinion, the petitioners could have no possible grievance as regards the vires of the new legislation. As regards the period of three months, it was essential to fix some date from which that period had to be calculated in respect of cases which were previously governed by section 12 of Act IV of 1950. Under that section they did not have the benefit of the advisory board and when the new law gave them that benefit, a t(rminus quo had to be fixed for the period of three months during which the advisory board had to submit its report. The amended Act achieved this by prescribing in these specified classes of cases the date of the commencement of the amended Act as the date from which this period was to begin and by section 12 it provided that all detentions continuing at the date of the commencement of the amended Act shall be deemed to be detentions under the amended Act.

pp. 633–634

After a careful consideration of the argument of Mr. Nambiar I have reached the conclusion that there is considerable force in the reply made to it by the learned Attorney-General. He contended that article 22(4) provides that no law providing for preventive detention shall authorize detention of a person for a longer period than three months and that the amended Act has not in any manner infringed this provision ; on the other hand, it provides that the advisory board must make its report to the government within ten weeks. It was urged that in order to judge the vires of the amended Act it was not relevant to take into consideration detention of persons validly detained under a different statute and that its vires must be adjudged on its own provisions and not with reference to what has actually happened under another law. It was frankly conceded that if Parliament or a State legislature passed legislation in a manner which amounted to a fraud on the Constitution inasmuch as those enactments were passed with the purpose of defeating the constitutional provisions, then those laws could be attacked on that ground but not on the ground of their vires, that in the present case no such argument had been taken or could be taken and that being so, the contention of Mr. Nambiar was not justified.

p. 634

In my opinion, the statute as framed docs not in any way contravene or abridge either the provisions of article 21 or of article 22. It was open to Parlia. ment, as already observed, to alter the maximum period of detention mentioned in section 12 of Act IV of 1950 and to enhance it. It was also open to government to release these detenus after the expiry of one year and to serve fresh orders of detention on them after their revise under the amended Act. If that had been done, no question could possibly be raised that the period of three months provided for in article 22(4) of the Constitution had in any way been affected. Instead of going through that form of ceremony, Parliament by section 12 of the amended Act provided that all detention orders in force under Act IV of 1950 be treated as detention orders under the amended Act. · By the effect of this section the detention of all such persons becomes a fresh detention, under the new law, with the result that nothing in the amended statute can · be said to abridge the fundamental right conferred by article 22 ( 4) of the Constitution. It was argued that the amended statute is not a new and an independent statute and that in spite of the amendments it remains the same statute as was passed in 1950, and that the detention of the petitioners is under the same law of preventive detention and it therefore offends against article 22( 4) of the Constitution and that it virtually amounts to tacking of the period of detention under one Act to the period of detention under another Act and as such amounts indirectly and substantially to an infringement of the fundamental right. In my opinion, this contention, though attractive, is without force. Technically speaking, an amended statute remains the same statute as originally enacted but from that proposition it does not follow that the law contained in the amended statute is the same law as was contained in the original one. Section 9 of the original Act has been substituted by section 9 of the amcI).ded Act and declares a new law and it is not a re-enactment of the law as was contained in the earlier statute. Section 12 of the original statute has been completely repealed and no longer exists. The law declared by that section has been abrogated. The law declared by section 12 of the amended Act is in the nature of a substituted provision. It seems to me that the law declared by the amended statute is not the same law as was declared by the original statute and to that extent the amended statute is in the nature of a new and independent statute. The petitioners are being detained today by force of the provisions contained in sections 9 and 12 of the amen<led Act and not under the law that was passed in 1950, as by repeal of section 12 of that Act their detention Wlder it technically terminated. The new law admittedly standing by itself does not authorize detention of any person beyond a period of three months except in the manner provided by article 22(4) of the Constitution. No question whatever arises of tacking of the period of detention under one law to the period of detention under another law, inasmuch as the detention under the earlier law automatically terminates with the repeal of section 12 of Act IV of 1950. For the. reasons given above, the first contention of Mr. Nambiar fails.

pp. 634–636

In view of the above decision it is unnecessary to consider the alternative argument of the learned Attorney-General to the effect that in case it is held that section 9 contravenes article 22(4) (a) of the Constitution, it is a valid law under article 22(4) (b) of the Constitution and hence the order of detention is legal. Mr. Nambiar's contention to the effect that in case the petitioners' detention is regarded as a fresh detention under the amended Act, then it is necessary to serve them with fresh grounds of detention does not appear to me to be well founded. The point was not raised in the petitions and no argument was addressed to us that any right under article 22(5) had been infringed. Moreover, as at present advised, I think the contention has not got much force because of the clear provisions of section 12 of the amended Act which treats every detention order having force at the commencement of the amended Act as being deemed to continue unde_r it. When detention is not on any fresh grounds but on grounds already served, any default in observing the formality of again serving those very grounds on the detenu cannot be said to be an infringement of the fundamental right under article 22(5) of the Constitution.

p. 636

The next contention of Mr; Nambiar that Parliament having fixed the maximum period of detention in section 12 of Act IV of 1950 under its powers contained in article 22(7) of the Constitution, that maximum became a part of the content of fundamental right and sections 9 and 12 of the amended Act contravene this fundamental right inasmuch as these authorize detention of the petitioners for a period beyond one year again, in my opinion, is not sound. In other words, the argument of the learned counsel amounts to this ; that as soon as Parliament by law under article 22(7) prescribed a maximum period for which any person may be detained under any law providing for preventive detention, then that period becomes a part of the fundamental right conferred on a person under Part III of the Constitution. The only method of adding to or subtracting from those rights is by an amendment of the Constitution in the manner provided therein. By clause (7) of article 22 Parliament has not been authorized to add to the fundamental rights. The contention of the learned counsel is based on an erroneous assumption that article 22 in clause (7) confers a fundamental right on a person ; in its true concept it restricts to a certain degree the measure of the fundamental right contained in clause 4 (a) of the article.

pp. 636–637

The argument that Parliament has no authority to alter the period of one year prescribed by it under article 22(7) (b) of the Constitution is again founded on an erroneous assumption that the clause confers legislative power on Parliament. The ambit of the legislative powers of Parliament is contained in article 245 of the Constitution read with the entries in the Seventh Schedule. Article 22 of the Constitution restricts those powers to a certain extent. It does not enlarge them. Clause (7), however, cuts down these restrictions to a certain extent. Parliament having power to make the law has also the power to alter or amend it, if it so chooses. It is difficult to assent to the proposition of the learned counsel that if a person is detained according to a law that existed at the time of his detention, then in regard to him it is that and that law alone which matters and any change in the law, even if it has retrospective effect, cannot affect him in any manner whatever.

pp. 637–638

The next point canvassed before us was that the Constitution does not envisage detention for an indefinite period and that it is obligatory on Parliament to provide a maximum period for detention of a person under a law of preventive detention. In my opinion, this argument again is not sound. Emphasis was laid on the proviso to article 22(4) (a) which enacts that nothing in the . sub-clause shall authorize the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7), and it was urged that the word "may" in article 22(7) must be read in the sense of "must" and as having a compulsory force inasmuch as the enactment authorizes Parliament to prescribe by law a maximum period for detention, for the advancement of justice and for public good, or for the benefit of persons subjected to preventive detention. Reference was made to Maxwell on "Interpretation of Statutes" (9th Edn., page 246) and to the well-known case of Julius v. Bishop of Oxford('). Lord Cairns in that case observed as follows :-

p. 638

"Where a power is deposited with a public officer for the purpose of being used for the benefit of persons that power ought to be exercised."

p. 638

In my opinion, clause (7) of article 22, as already pointed out, in its true concept to a certain degree restricts the measure of the fundamental right contained in clause ( 4) (a) and in this context the rule referred to by Maxwell has no application whatever. Moreover, the provision in the · Constitution is merely an enabling one and it is well settled that in an enabling Act words of a permissive nature cannot be given a compulsory meaning. ( Vide Craies on Statute law, p. 254). Be that as it may, the point is no· longer open as it has been concluded by the majority decision in Gopalan's case( The learned Chief Justice at p. 119 of the report observed as follows :ca•.

p. 638

"Sub-clause (b) is permissive. It is not obligatory on the Patliament to prescribe any maximum period. It was argued that this gives the Parliament a right to allow a person to be detained indefinitely. If that construction is correct, it springs out of the words of sub-clause (7) itself and the court cannot help in the matter."

p. 639

Nothing said by Mr. Nambiar is sufficient to persuade me to take a different view ·of the matter than was taken in Gopalan's case(1). It may be pointed out that Parliament may well have thought that it was unnecessary to fix any maximum period of detention in the new statute which was of a temporary nature and whose own tenure of ~ife was limited to on_e year. Such temporary statutes cease to have ahy effect after they expire, they automatically come to an end at the expiry of the period for which they have been enacted and nothing further can be done under them. The · detention of the petitioners therefore is bound to come to an end automaticaUy with the life of the statute and in these circumstances Parliament may well have thought that it would be wholly unnecessary to legislate and provide a maximum period of· detention for those detained under this law. - ·

p. 639

The fast point urged by Mr. Nambiar that the provisions of the amended Act contravene the provisions of article 21 of the Constitution does not impress me. The expression "procedure established by law" was considered by the majority in Gopalan's case(1) as meaning procedure prescribed by law. The petitionen have been detained in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the amended statute and their detention therefore is in accordance with procedure prescribed by law. The contention of Mr. Nambiar that they are :JOVerned by the procedure contained in section 12 of Act IV of 1950 as that was the procedure at the time when initially they were detained is, in my opinion, unsound. It is open to Parliament to change the procedure by enacting a law and that procedure becomes the procedure established by law within the meaning s.c.1..11s. of that expression in article 21 of the Constitµtion. Further, the present detention of the petitioners being by virtue of section 12 of the amended Act a new detention under the amended Act, the procedure prescribcd by the amended Act is the procedure established by law within the meaning of article 21.

pp. 639–640

For the reasons given above, in my opinion the Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1951, is a valid statute and the provisions impugned by Mr. Nambiar do not contravene the Constitution and the pctitionen arc not entitled to their release merely on the ground that the period of one year mentioned in section 12 of. Act IV of 1950 has expired.

p. 640

On the merits of the petitions it was urged (1) that the grounds supplied to then were vague and insufficient to enable them to make a, proper representation, and (2) that their detention was mala fide and on poli· tical and party considerations. There is no force what• ever in ~hese contentions.

p. 640

The result is that all these pet1t1ons arc dism!_ssed and the rules are discharged. This order will have force in the case of petitioners who have so far not been released by Government.

p. 640

S. R. DAs J.-1 agree that the petitions should be dismissed and I do so substantially on the grounds itatcd by my learned brother Mahajan.

p. 640

BosE J .-With the utmost respect I am unable to accept the majority view. fo my judgment, section 11 (1) of the amcndip.g Act is ultra virei. The ground on which I hold it to be so was suggested by me in the course of the arguments. It was, however, not very fully dealt with possibly because I expressed my view at a late stage and possibly because I did so somewhat akctchily. But as I am ploughing a lonely furrow .that, fortunately, will not much matter.

p. 640

Articles 21 and 22 confer the fundamental right of. personal liberty. The first is general, and as the meaning of the words "procedure established- hf law" ha& been thoroughly discussed in Gopalan's casc:(1), I do not intend to cover that ground. But so ·far as article 22 ( 4) is concerned, my opinion is that it confers a fundamental right not to be kept under preventive detention beyond a certain period. The extent of ·that pcriqd can vary but it can only be extended beyond three months within certain fixed liniits and subject to specified conditions.

pp. 640–641

Article 246 read with item 9 in List I and item 3 in List III of the Seventh Schedule conf crs jurisdiction upon the Union Parliament and ·the State Legislatures to make laws for preventive detention, but article 22 (4) imposes restrictions. It says that-

p. 641

"No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months,"

p. 641

unless certain conditions arc fulfilled.

p. 641

The conditions arc set out in sub-clause (a) and subclausc (b). Under the former, a law can provide for preventive detention over three months provided (1) there is an advisory board of a certain character, (2) the board is of opinion that there is sufficient cause for longer detention, and (3) the board reports before the expiration of the three months. Then follows a further restriction which is contained in the proviso to 5ub-clause (4). This states that-

p. 641

"nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the dc.~ention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7) ."

p. 641

Sub-clause (b) of clause (7) reads as follows :- " (7) Parliament may by law prescribe-

p. 641

(b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention.''

p. 641

The second set of conditions is given in sub-dause (b) Gf clause (4). This sets out that a person can also be detained beyond three months providcds.c.R.118.

p. 641

"such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law :inade by Patliament under subclauses (a)~ Cb) of claus.e (7).''

p. 642

I venture to underline the "and" becausei in my opinion, a lot turn~ on it. But I shall deal with that later.

p. 642

·Sub-clause (a) of clause (7) empowers Parliament to prescribe- .

p. 642

"the circumstances under which, and the cla~ or classes of cases in which, a person may. be detained fot a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion ·or an advisory board in accordance with the provision of sub-clause (a) of clause (4)."

p. 642

In my opinion, these provision~ confer a fundamental right not to be detained beyond a certain period. The extent of that period can vary but the maximum period of detention cannot exceed tertain fixed limits. Those limits are (a) in the first instance, three months : if not, (b) the · maximum prescribed - by Parliament under sub-clause (7) (b ). In my opinion, no law can be made authorising detention either under sub-clause (4) (a) or ( 4) (b) unless maximum period of detention 1' · prescribed by Parliament under sub-clause (7) (b).

p. 642

I do hot agree with the contention that tlie word "may" in clause (7) means "must". I am not prepared to depart from the usual meaning of worti& unlt:sa compelled to do so for overwhelming reasons. In my opinion, Parliament is free to prescribe or not to prescribe a .maximum peried under clause (7) (b). It cannot be compelled to do so. But equally neither Parliament nor a State Legislature is compelled to authorise preventive. detcniiOll beyond three months. If, howevc:r, either wishes ltl do so, then it il bound to conform to the provision$ -of either sub<!awe (a) er sub-clause (b) of clause ( 4) or both ; and in the case of sub-clause (a) the proviso Is as much part of the sub. clause its main provision. ll no maximum . llinit & fixed under clause (7) (b}, then the proviso o.nn11 operate and if it cannot operate, no legnlatl~ action can, in my opinion, be taken under clause (4) (a). If A is told hy B that he may go to a bank and withdraw a sum of money not exceeding such limit as may be med by c, it is evident that until c fixes the limit no money can be withdrawn. C cannot be compelled to fix a limit but if he chooses not to do so, ·the money cannot be withdrawn. Equally, if A is told that he may withdraw money not exceeding a limit which he himself may fix, there can, in my O.{>inion, be no right of withdfawal until . he fixes the limit.

pp. 642–643

Look at it another way. A British General is told by the Indian Government that he may travel from India to Burma quickly and easily by plane. He is also told that he may in addition drive by car over the hills and through the jungles provided he does not go beyond the confines of any road made · hy the Burmese Government ; and the Burmese Government is told , that it may, if it so chooses, put in a. road at India's expense. It is fairly obvious that the Burmese Govern~ ment is not bound to make the road and it is equally obvious that under these conditions the General will not be able to go by car· unless the road is made.

p. 643

I realise that analogies are often iqaccurate and' may be misleading. But these examples serve to illustrate the line of my reasoning. In my opinion, the Constitution (a) tells the State Legislatures that they may legislate for preventive detention beyond three months but not beyond a limit which Parliament may fix and (b) tells Parliament that Parliament itself may do the same thing provided the detention does not exceed a maximum which it may itself fix. There is no need ·to fix a maximum in either event but if that is not done, then there can be no legislation under clause (4) (a), Until tl\e road is built there is no right of way.

p. 643

The same limitation attaches clause (4) (b ). Legislative action cannot be taken under this unless, first, the law is made by Parliament and, second, it is madtt "µrlEler sub-clauses (;i.) and (b) of claus¢ (7)". l again "enturc to underline the "and" becaqse, in my opinion, "'-andl' means and &liould mean "and" unless there is compelling reason to make it mean "or". To my mind, not only is there no compelling reason here but, on the contrary, there are powerful reasons why it should be construed in its usual and normal sense. The reasons are these.

pp. 643–644

Articles 21 and 22 confer a fundamental right and give a fundamental guarantee. It is therefore the duty of the Court to sec that the right is kept fundamental and that the fullest scope is given to the guar.antee. It is our duty to ensure that the right and the guarantee are not rendered illusory and meaningless. Therefore, wherever there is scope for difference of opinion on a matter of interpretation in this behalf, the interpretation which favours the subject must always be used because the right has been conferred upon him and it is the right which has been made fundamental, not the , fetters and limitations with which it may be circumscribed by legislative action. It is true the full scope and content of the right cannot be determined without examining the boundaries within which it is to be confined, and I agree that in interpreting these provisions equal weight must be given to all the clauses; also that no one part can be treated with greater sanctity than the rest. But if, when all that is done, doubt still remains, then the doubt must, in my judgment, be resolved in favour of the subject and not of the State.

p. 644

Brush aside for a moment the pettifogging of the law and forget for the nonce all the learned disputations about this and that, and "and" "or", or "m4yu and "m:ust". Look past the mere verbiage of the words and penetrate deep into the heart and spirit of the Constitution. What sort of State are we intended to be? Have we not here been given a way of life, the right to individual freedom, the utmost the State can confer in that respect consistent with its own safety? Is not the sanctity of the individual recognised :and emphasised again and again? Is not our Constitution in violent contrast to those of States where the State is everything and the individual but a slave or a serf to serve the will of those who for the time being wield almost absolute power ? I have no doubts on this score. I hold it therefore to be our duty, wh.en there is ambiguity or doubt about the construction of any clause in this chapter on Fundamental Rights, to resolve it in favour of the freedoms which have been so solemnly . stressed. Read the magnificent sweep of the preamble:-

pp. 644–645

"We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a · Sovereign Democratic ·Republic and to secure to all its citizens : Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."

p. 645

Read the provisions of the chapter on Fundamental Rights:-- "All citizens shall have the right etc."

p. 645

• •

p. 645

"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure csablished by law."

p. 645

"No person who , is arrested . shall be detained in custody without etc."

p. 645

'No law providing for preventive detention ·shall authorise etc. unless-"

p. 645

Read the provisions which circumscribe the powers of Parliament and prevent it from being supreme. What does. it all add up to ? How can it be doubted that the stress throughout is on the freedom conferred and that the limitations placed on them are but regrettable necessities ?

p. 645

I do not doubt that in construing the f'..onstitutior:i we must do. so according to all the usual well recognised canons of construction. I· do not doubt that when the language plain, full effect must be giftn to it whatever the implications. All I insist on is that when there is ambiguity or doubt and it is poMible to take either this view or that, then we must come down on the side of liberty and freedom; and I err in good company in so holding. Lord Romer said as much in LiversiJge's case (1) though he made an exception in the A.c. 2so.

p. 645

case of war legislation. How can it be said that in this case there is no ambiguity and that there is no room for doubt ? When I am asked to hold that "and" means "or,, and that "may" means "must", how can it be said that there is no room for difference of opinion? When I am old that-

p. 646

"no law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months"

p. 646

unless there is an Advisory Board etc., and even then not beyond

p. 646

"the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7)"

p. 646

how can it be said that there is no doubt about the intention and that this clearly and unambiguously means that the detention can be for an. indefinite period even under a State law if Parliament does not choose to act under clause (7) (b)? To my mind, there is ambiguity and there is room for doubt.

p. 646

I feel that the people of India chose for themselves the free way of life and that they entrusted to Parliament, which represents their will, the duty of satisfying itself that any limitations hereafter to be placed on the freedoms conferred. are necessary and essential and that these limitations will not exceed such limits as Parliament itself shall determine solemnly and deliberately, after anxious scrutiny and dutiful care. I cannot bring myself to believe that the framers of our Constitution intended that the liberties guaranteed should be illusory and meaningless or that they could be toyed with by this person or that. They did not bestow on the people of India a cold, lifeless, inert mass of malleable clay but created a living organism, breathed life into it and endowed it with purpose and vigour so that it should grow healthily and sturdily in the democratic way of life, which is the free way. In the circumstances, I prefer to decide in favour of the freedom of the subject.

p. 646

I am not hampered here by considerations of war . necessity or emergency legislation where some authorities hold that the canons of constructions are different and that allowance must be made in favour of the State for the imperfections of language used in legislation which had to be drafted and enacted in a desperate hurry with the State in dire and immediate peril. I am construing a Constitution which was hammered out solemnly and deliberately after the most mature consideration and with the most anxious care. I feel bound, therefore, when there is ambiguity or doubt, to resolve it in favour of what I conceive to be the free way of a Sovereign Demo~atic Republic. After all, who framed the Constitution and for whose benefit was it made ?-not just for those in brief authority, not only for lawyers and dialecticians bqt for the common people of India. It should therefore be construed, when that can be done without doing violence to the language employed, in a simple straightforward way so that it makes sense to the man in the street, so that the common people of .the land can follow and understand its meaning, To my mind, the whole concept of the Constitution is that after years of bitter struggle the citizens of India are assured that certain liberties shall be guaranteed to them and that these liberties shall not be curtailed beyond limits which they and all the world can know and which can only be fixed by the highest authority in the land, Parliament itself, directly and specifically after affording opportunity for due deliberation in that august body. I would struggle hard against any interpretation which permitted evasion of those important limitations and which permitted those hardwon liberties to be curtailed by some accidental side wind which allows virtual delegation of the responsibility for fixing the maximum limits which Parliament is empowered to fix to some lesser authority, and worse, for' fixing them ad hoc in each individual case, for that, in my opinion, is what actually happens, whatever the technical name, when Parliament fixes no maximum and lesser authorities are left free to decide in each case how long the individual should be detained. I am clear that these are not matters which should be viewed technically or narrowly but in the broad and liberal spirit in which they were · conceived. Bearing this in mind, I will proceed to examine the impugned provisions of the amending Act.

pp. 646–648

In my judgment, section 9 is good because it confers a benefit and a privilege. It takes away nothing. It gives all detenus the right to ga before an Advisory Board for review of their cases. It confers this right not only on those who may be detained In the future hut also on those already under detention. And further, it confers this right on those who had no such right before. This is not an infringement of any fundamental right nor does it contravene any article of the Constitution; therefore Parliament was free to legislate as. it pleased regarding that. It was free artificially to alttr the starting point of the order of detention which what it has done in sub-section (2)(a). That section,· in my judgment, is intra vires.

p. 648

So also is new section 12 which continues in force existing detentions despite the expiry of the old Act and states that the passing of the new Act shall not affect either the validity or Jurlllion of orders passed under the old Act. It will be remembered that the detentions we are considering in these cases were good under the old Act. That Act prescribed a maxim,um limit, namely one year, for this class of detention. In my opinion, Parliament had the right to say in this particular manner, for the purpose of removing doubts, that detentions already in force under that Act should continue in force for the maximum period already prescribed. That, to my mind, is the force of the words "continue," "validity" and "durlltion." That would have been the result in any event but section ll is there to remove possible doubts.

p. 648

Section 11 (2) is alS<? good because here again a benefit is conferred. Detenus who had no right to rclcaM: on the .idvicc of an Advisory Board arc here giv~ this privilege. Therefore, this also ·intra I/ires. But &uh-section (1) is, to my mind, 11ltr11 oires. It is ~e that we find an infringement of article 22( 4).. It reads:-

p. 648

"ln any case where the Advisory Board has report• ed that there is in its opinion suflicicnt cause for the detention of a peison, the appropriate Government may confirm the detention order and continue the detention of the person concerned for such period as'it think.~ fit".

pp. 648–649

This is word for word the same as section 11 of the old Act. It does not prescribe a maximum limit.

p. 649, margin F

Now section 11 replaces sections 11 and 12 of the old Act. The amending A~t directs that new section 11 be substituted for old sections 11 and 12. Old sccci_on 12 had prescribed a maximum limit of one year in certain classes of cases. That is done away with in the new Act As regards the rest, neither the old Act nor the new prescribes any limit for other classes of detention. That, in my opinion, not only contravenes article 22( 4) but in effect shifts the responsibility for prescribing ·a maximum to the executive authorities of each State and allows them to do it ad hoc in each case. I am not speaking technkally at the moment. I am viewing it broadly as the man in the street would. I am placing myself in the position of the dctenu and looking at it· through his eyes. The niceties of the law do not matter to him. He docs not care about grammar. All that matters to him is that he is behind the bars and that Parliament has not fixed any limit in his · kind of case and that local authorities tell him that they have the right to say how long he shall remain under detention. I cannot bring myself to think that. this was intended by the Constitution. The powers given to Parliament arc ample .. The Safeguards for the safety of the State are all there. In the last resort, immediate action can be taken under the emergency provisions. Therefore, when Parliament and the· State Legislatures arc told that they cannot authorise preventive detention beyond three months unless Parliament docs tMs and that, I am of opinion that the responsibility to do these things is on Parliament itself and · that in this particular matter there can be no delegation of authority. The Constituent Assembly has entrusted this particular matter to the care of Parliament itself and has m~dc this Parliament's special responsibility. The country is therefore entitled to receive the benefit of . the mature judgment, wisdom and patriotism of that august body.

p. 649, margin F

I am not doubting Parliament's . general powers of delegatlon. But, in my opinion, . these powers are circumscribed and each case must be judged upon its own circumstances. As this matter is under consideration in another case and as mine is a dissenting voice here, all I need say in this case is that in my judgment this Is not one of the matters which can be delegated.

p. 650

It was said that all this is irrelevant because a maximum limit has in fact been fixed in the present , instance. It was argued that the life of this Act has only been fixed for one year and that the life of the old Act was also only one year and that th'is in effect fixes a maximum. I am aware that there is high authority for this view and I venture to dissent with the utmost reluctance, but with the greatest respect I find myself unable to agree.

p. 650

In the first place, I cannot agree that the maximum limit which Parliament is authorised to fix can be fixed in this indirect way. What Parliament is empowered to do under article 22(7) (b) is to prescribe-

p. 650

"the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained."

p. 650

It cannot do this by saying that no person shall be detained beyond the 26th of February, 1952, because that means that persons arrested on the 27th of February, 1951, can be kept under detention for a year while those arrested on the 25th of February, 1952, can only be detained for one day. That, in my judgment, is not what is meant by prescribing a maximum period.

p. 650

In the next place, when Parliament is authorised to do this, it is expected to do so consciously and deliberately after giving the matter due and mature consideratlon. It is not possible to say that Parliament had this provision in mind and intended to act under it when ft merely fixe-0 the duration of the Act. Had the matter been properly discussed and placed lx1fore Parliament in the way it should have been, it is conceivable that it might have considered that the maximum period o~ detention should not exceed, say, six months though the duration of the Act should be· year. In other words, that person could continue to be arrested so long as the Act was in force but they could not be kept under detention for more than six months. With the utmost respect, I cannot agree that functions so solemnly entrusted to the care of Parliament under these fundamental clauses can be discharged unconsciously.

pp. 650–651

In the third place, I cannot agree that these detentions would come to an end with the expiry of the Act. The rule in the case of temporary Acts is that-

p. 651

"as a general rule, and . unless it contains some special provision to the contrary, after a temporary Act has expired no proceedings can be taken . upon it, and it ceases to have any further effect. Therefore, offences committed against temporary Acts must be prosectded and punished before the Act expires." (Craies on Statute Law, 4th edition, page 347)·

p. 651

But transactions wh'ich are concluded and complete before the Act expires continue in being despite the expiry. See Craies on Statute Law, page 348, and 31 Halsbury's Laws of England (Hailsham Edition), page 513. I take this to mean that if a man is tried £or an offence created by a temporary Act and is found guilty and sentenced to, say, five years' imprisonment, he would have to serve his term even if the Act Were to expire the next day. In my opinion, the position is the same in the case of detentions. A man, who is arrested under a temporary detention Act and validly ordered to be detained for a particular period, would not be entitled to claim release before his time juSt because the Act expired earlier.

p. 651

Then again. The Act we are considering has special provision to the contrary. Section 11(1) empowers either a State or the Union Goverrunent to order the detention of a person "for such period as it thinks fit;,. If this provision is not altra vires, then the Act in express terms permits the appropriate Government to order a detention which shall endure beyond the life of the Act itself, and unless the fundamental provisions of the Constituti()n can be called in aid, there is nothing to prevent Parliament from enacting such law. Therefore, the mere fact that the Act under consideration is to expire on the 26th of February; 1952, docs not, in my opinion, mean that detentions under it must necessarily come to an end on that date. That in turn means that no maximum period has been prescribed even indirectly •

pp. 651–652

Vioked straight in the face, what docs the decision of the majority uphofding the validity of section 11 (1) impon if it is pushed to its logical conclusion ? To me it spells just this. The Constitution tells all persons resident in the land-

p. 652

"Hcre is the full extent of your liberty so far as the length of detention is concerned. W c guarantee That you will not be detained beyond three months unless Parliament otherwise directs, either generally or in your particular class of case; but we empower Parliament to smash the guarantee absolutely if it so chooses without let or hindrance, without restriction. Though we authorise Parliament to prescribe a maxi· mum limit of detention if it so chooses, we place no compulsion on it to do so and we authorise it to pass legislation which will empower any person or authority Parliament chooses to name, right down to a police ronstablc, to arrest you and detain you as long as he pleases, for the duration of your life if he wants, so that you may linger and rot in jail till you die, as did men in the Bastille."

p. 652

In the absence of restrictions Parliament undoubtedly has these powers, for it can legislate about preventive detention. But if you remove the restrictions, what is left of the fundamental right ? My concept of a fundamental right is something which Parliament cannot touch save by an amendment of the Constitution. The full content of the right can be as small or as narrow as yo1f please, but unless there i$ a residue which can answer that test, there is to my mind nothing fundamental. Now, I have no doubt that a fundamental right regarding the length of deteqtion was intended to be conferred, It would be poin~­ lcss to make the provision about three .months and place it in the chapter on Fundamental Rights if that were. not so ; so also there would be no point in tht: elaborate provisions regarding this in clauses (4) and (7). A simple clause saying that no detention shall exceed three months "unless Parliament otherwise directs" would have met the case. It is therefore clear to my mind that something fundamental regarding the length ol. detention which Parliament could not touch save by amendment of the Constitution was intended to be conferred. But if section 11 (1) is upheld, what is there left which is beyond the reach of Parliament ? Parliament has here in effect said that there need be no general limit to the duration of detentions and that lesser authorities can fix the duration in each individual case and arc free to detain for as long as they please. If that is so, then what is there left of anything fundamental regarding the maximum length of detention ? To my mind, the whole object of the elaborate provisions in clauses ( 4) and (7) is to place restraints on powers regarding the length of indefinite and arbitrary detentions which would otherwise be absolute.

pp. 652–653

For these reasons, I am of opinion that section 11 (1) is ttltra vires. My only hesitation has been on the score of Gopalarl1 case (1). I have searched long and anxiously to see whether this question is concluded there and whether my hands are tied. After con- 51derablc study of the decisiol\, I have reached the conclusion that I am not pound.

p. 653

There were six Judges there. The present Act, the amending Act of 1951, was not under consideration but section 11 of the old Act, which corresponds t~ section 11(1) of the new, was considered. But only two Judges, namely, my Lord the Chief Justice and my brot~cr . Mahajan, ~icalt with this section directly. Their views arc directly counter to mine. They expressly hold that section 11 of the old Act is intra vires. That means that section 11 ( 1) of the present Act would also have to be upheld on their view. But the other four Judges did not discuss the vires of section 11 at all. They concentrated their attention on sections 12 and 14 of the old Act. . It is true my brother Das made a general observation at the end of. his judgment that in his view "the impugned Act is valid law except as to section 14" but he did not expressly consider section 11. In the circumstances, I do not think Gopalan' s case concludes the matter.

pp. 653–654

It is perhaps ironical that I should struggle to uphold these freedoms in favour of a class of persons who, if rumour is to be accredited and if the list of their activitirs furnished to us is a true guide, would be the first to destroy them if they but had the power. But I cannot allow personal predilections to sway my judgment of the Constitution. As Lord Justice Scrutton remarked in Rex. v. Home Secretary ( :-

p. 654

"It is, indeed, one test of belief in principles if you apply them to cases with which you have sympathy at all."

p. 654

and as Mr. Justice Holmes of the United States Supreme Court said, speaking of the American Constitution,

p. 654

"If there is any principle of the Constitution that more imperatively- calls for attachment than ahy other it is the principle of free thought-not free thought for th<>se who agree with us but freedom for the thought that wt hate."

p. 654

I respectfully dissent from the majority view and consider that section 11 (1) is ultra vires. It follows, in my view, that the present detentions are bad. I am of opinion that the petitioners in these cases arc ~ntitlcd to immediate rdeasc.

p. 654

l'e'litions dismissed.

p. 654

Agent for the petitioner in Petition No. 303 : S11bralimanyt1m.

p. 654

Agent for the Petitioners in Petitions Nos. 618, 619, 021, 622 and 624 to 631 : V. P. K. Nambiyar.

p. 654

Agent for the State of. Madras: P. A. Melita. Agent for the State of. Assam : N aimit Ltd. Agent for the Union of India: P. A. Mehta.

p. 654